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991.
典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及对水质的影响--以太湖上游浙江西苕溪流域为例 总被引:37,自引:2,他引:37
利用1985、1995和20D0年的TM数据及水质资料,运用GIS和水质指数法研究西苔溪流域的土地利用/覆被变化及其水环境效应。结果表明:流域内耕地不断减少,建设用地持续扩大,林地前期减少后期缓慢增加;林地和耕地是流域内的主要土地利用类型,二者面积之和占流域面积的比例在三个时段均在92%以上;空间集中性及斑块碎化是土地利用空间格局变化的主要表现,建设用地斑块数量增多且斑块面积明显增大,饼地面积减少但斑块数量增多。研究时段内流域水质在时间上呈逐步恶化趋势,在空间上则表现为自上游至下游逐渐下降,其中,1996-2000年,研究河段内水质指数下降幅度达30%左右;只治理点污染源仅使水质指数增加6.5%左右,表明影响水质的主要因素是土地利用变化导致的面源污染。 相似文献
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通过松花江水中微生物与铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸形成的复合物质的比表面积及吸附Pb、Cd能力的分析,探讨微生物对沉积物中主要化学组分理化性质的影响及机理.结果表明:锰氧化物的比表面积大于铁氧化物和腐殖酸,与微生物结合后比表面积均不同程度增加. 固体物质的比表面积与吸附Pb和Cd的能力并不完全一致,与它们对重金属的吸附机制不同有关.复合物质的的吸附能力并不符合加和模型,微生物的存在掩盖了铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸表面部分官能团,造成了复合物质的吸附量小于各组分的吸附量之和. 相似文献
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Isolated Trichoderma atroviride from Cu-polluted river sediment at the Serdang Industrial Area was studied under in vitro conditions to understand the mechanisms that allowed the fungi to thrive in the Cu-polluted freshwater ecosystem. From this study, adsorption was recognized as the main mechanism of Cu tolerance with 50–85% adsorption during the in vitro experiment. The uptake capacity of the isolate in liquid medium ranged from 0.8 to 11.2 mg g?1 in the potato dextrose broth medium with increasing Cu concentrations from 25 to 300 mg L?1. It was found that 2.7–5.0% of Cu was lost due to washing. The high percentage of Cu adsorption and the high uptake capacity of Cu by T. atroviride suggest that it is a potential bioremediator of Cu. However, further studies are needed to confirm its practical use as a bioremediating agent for Cu under field conditions. 相似文献
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The effects of Cd at environmental concentrations (0–32 µg/L) on the green alga Parachlorella kessleri were investigated. At about 3 µg Cd/L, toxic effects of Cd are becoming evident, much lower than reported previously. At 8 µg/L and higher, pronounced adverse effects on growth, cell morphology, size, and physiological state are seen. Therefore, levels lower than 2 µg Cd/L should be employed to produce Cd-carrying algae for feeding experiments with organisms on the next trophic level, e.g. mussels, to avoid reduced food uptake. These findings also suggest that aquatic ecosystem conditions can be indirectly influenced via the impairment of the nutritional value of algae since they are the basic organisms of aquatic food chains. 相似文献
998.
Jonathan E. Naile Jong Seong Khim Jessica N. House Paul D. Jones John P. Giesy 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(7):1219-1232
It has been reported that the relative response factors of isotopically labeled standards and unlabeled standards of the same perfluorinated compounds could be different. Individual (100 ng mL?1) solutions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry under negative-ion electrospray to detect any impurities present down to 0.5%–0.1% relative to the major component. Purity of the standards ranged from approximately 86% to ≥ 97%. Standard solutions of unlabeled and isotopically labeled materials were analyzed to compare the response factors of isotopically labeled analytes versus their nonlabeled counterparts in three different matrices at equivalent concentrations: organic solvent (methanol), serum extract, and water present individually and concurrently. Not all labeled analytes have the same response factor as their nonlabeled complement, and in at least one case the matrix in which the standard is present may cause significant suppression of response. Standard solutions of electrochemical fluorination produced PFOA and PFOS were quantified under multiple reaction monitoring mode, using calibration curves prepared from standards consisting primarily of linear standards only. The use of linear only standards may cause under-prediction of concentrations, and that the working range of these standards may be limited. 相似文献
999.
Ashraf A. Hassan Saleh M. Abdullah Ibrahim A. Khardali Ghassan A. Shaikhain Magbool E. Oraiby 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(9):1477-1483
The habit of khat chewing is widespread with a deep-rooted sociocultural tradition in these regions and as such poses a public health problem. The use of pesticides is considered to be indispensable practice for the production of adequate food supply for the increasing demands by the global population and for control of insect-borne diseases. Thus, contamination of the environment with pesticides and entry of these chemicals into the food chain is unavoidable especially in developing countries. The main objective of our current study was to assess pesticide pollution of khat leaves (unknown origin) obtained while being smuggled into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and to be used in Jazan area. A total of 120 khat leaf samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis for the presence of 69 standard pesticides using an internal standard, tiphenyl phosphate. No pesticide residues were detected in all the studied samples. These data as preliminary and more experiments need to be performed to confirm our present findings. Routine monitoring of the pesticide residues is important for the prevention, control, and reduction of environmental pollution and also for legal decisions to minimize health risks. 相似文献
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为研究吸入性甲醛的毒性能否进入动物骨髓组织,引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变,选择小鼠某些原癌基因和抑癌基因为研究对象,以SPF级balb/c雄性小鼠为材料,采用动态吸入方式染毒2周(5+2模式),染毒浓度分别为0, 0.5, 3.0mg/m3,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测不同浓度甲醛对小鼠染毒后骨髓组织细胞中c-myc、MDM2和p53基因表达的变化.结果表明,在不同浓度的甲醛暴露条件下,与空白对照组相比,小鼠骨髓组织中的c-myc基因,MDM2基因和p53基因表达均发生改变,在3.0mg/m3浓度组与空白对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05), c-myc基因,MDM2基因呈现表达上调,p53基因则呈现表达下调.吸入性甲醛的毒性能进入动物骨髓组织,并能引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变. 相似文献